Gender and Society :: essays research papers

Gender is one of the universal di work forcesions on which status differences be based. Gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Men beat subordinated women. All other discriminations are insipid by construct.Why does society segregate the workforce by gender? Women have been single out against in the workforce as minorities, not as women, because they are relatively powerless. Men see women as less profitable. Society classify that women are less capable, less productive, and less dedicated to their employers. Women therefore are assigned jobs that are more mind numbing and are paid less. Women are place in the underpaid and underutilized pool of marginal labor works. Women have always had a lower status than men have, but the extent of the gap amongst genders varies across cultures and time. American women in 1999 earned approximately 77% of what men made, in 2000, according to the Departmen t of Labor. Societies do not consistently define almost tasks as either feminine or masculine. With industrialization the importance of muscle power is declining, thus divergence more options and gender differences to further condensed (Nolan & Lenski, 1999). Women do expect barriers in the marketplace, and in some industries, marginal pools of labor are profitable.Gender stratification is unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women. Women were denied the right to right to vote because many believe that women lacked sufficient intelligence and political interest. (1848) Most people in 1925, doubted that the best women runners could ever finish a marathon anywhere get along the time men could. Only ten minutes separate the current world marathon records for women (set in 2003) and for men (set in 2002). This shows most differences between men and women or gender turn out to be socially created.Even the military has an issue with gender. At t he outset of World War II, 1940, only devil percent of armed forces personnel were women. The War in Iraq by 2003, women represented seven percent of all deployed U.S. troops. Out of that seven percent eight were casualties leaving 452 male casualties. The Coast Guard is the only branch that all assignments are open to women, whereas, the Marines denies women access to two-thirds of their jobs.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four :: 1984 Essays

George Orwell is the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, a British writer with political conscience. He was born in India but educated in England at Eton College. He served the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927. In sick health, he returned to Europe to live in poverty as a struggling writer. Orwell conjugated the Republican forces in the Spanish civil war, and wrote a chilling account of this experience. He went on to write many books, mostly autobiographical, and achieved successes as a splendid writer. 2. SynopsisThe novel takes place in a theoretical and fictional dystopian totalitarian society. The story begins in London on April 4, 1984 after an atomic population war divides the world into three states. London is the capital of Oceania which is run by INGSOC(English Socialism). The controllers atomic number 18 called "The Party." The Party is divided into two sections, The Inner Party, and The Outer Party which are the "Rich" and the "middle-c lass." There is a third group of people called "The Proles," or "The Proletariat" which are the poor, and considered to be animals by the party. The main leader of this government is grownup Brother. The novel is told in third person and partly first person, and is also divided into three parts. In the first part the main character and his conflicts with the world he lives in are revealed. Winston Smith is a bureaucrat who works for the government by altering history at the Ministry of Truth. He begins to ponder the priming things are so bad and commits a terrible crime. In the second part, he falls in love with Julia, and is taken in by a man named OBrien, a member of the anti-party society called the Brotherhood. OBrien turns out to be a true member of The Inner Party. Winston and Julia are captured and hauled off to the Ministry of Love (Minilove in Newspeak). Here, during the terminal part of the story, Winston is incarcerated and rehabilitated by The Part y. OBrien constantly tells Winston that Winston is crazy, and that he is trying to help him. During these sessions he reveals the true purposes of INGSOC. The partys goals can be summed up in their mottoes. "WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH(Orwell, 7)."3. ThemeUnder the regain of INGSOC, members of The Party are engrossed in their work. It is essential that the government keeps its people happy in order to avoid rebellions and "thought crimes.

Hooters and Men :: Personal Narrative Restaurants Papers

Hooters and MenI dont know why I heart so nervous. Ive eaten at Hooters once before and it wasnt so terrible. Its just a wing joint where the waitresses ar famous for being bosomy. Maybe thats it. I feel inadequate. My small chest will pale in comparison to the over abundance of young-bearing(prenominal) flesh put so confidently on display and my boyfriend will never look at me the same. Come to think of it, why was he so proud and anxious to tell every male friend he had that his girlfriend asked him to go to Hooters with her? And why did they respond with cheers, hollers and, man, youre so fortunate? The feeling of trepidation grows as our machine nears the dreaded restaurant. I dont need to feel uneasy how busy could this restaurant be at 730 on a Wednesday night? The sight of a parking lot full of cable cars nearly causes me to force my boyfriend to turn the car around, leaving skid marks as the only piece of incriminating evidence to prove that I was on Hooters property. No, face your fear. I exculpated the car door and walk up to the restaurant, with my boyfriend doing a good impression of not being giddy following at my heels. When I have almost reached the door, a car pulls up and two older couples, probably in their middle sixties, get out. I find it odd that they would patron this particular restaurant, however their presence helps to put me at ease. Maybe I wont look so bizarre walking into the restaurant next to them.I open the door to a small room where Hooters paraphernalia is sold. Everything from T-shirts to shot glasses, all decorated with the Hooters logo. I have to admit its a good marketing strategy this room is the first thing to greet a customer walking in and the last thing a customer sees on the dash out. But the strategy doesnt work (or at least at this point) for either the older couples or my boyfriend and I. Instead, we walk into the crowded restaurant and screen to find a place to sit. My boyfriend and I choose a table against the wall. This table is high off the ground and we sit on stools, which makes it feel like we are at a bar, or another type of informal eatery.

Tourism is of major economic and social significance Essay -- Personâ€e

Tourism is of major economic and social significance. More than 720 million tourists spend $480 billion annually in places outside their own acres (WTO, 2004). This is one of the largest items in the worlds foreign trade. The significance of tourism has been recognized in both(prenominal) developing and developed countries. This can be seen in the establishment of sophisticated and well resourced government departments of tourism , widespread encouragement and sponsorship of tourism emergences, and the proliferation of small business and multinational corporations contributing to and deriving benefits from the tourism industry. In 2005, the tourism sector accounted for 3 % to 10% of the GDP of developing countries. The contribution of tourism to economic growth and development is reflected in the form of exports since it represents 40 per centum of all xports of services, making it one of the largest categories of international trade (UNWTO, 2006). There is widespread optimism t hat tourism might be a powerful and beneficial agent of both economic and social change, some even advocating that it might be a force for world peace. Indeed, tourism has stimulated employment, investment and entrepreneurial activity, modified set down use and economic structure, and made a positive contribution to the balance of payments in many countries throughout the world. At the same time, the growth of tourism has prompted perceptive observes to raise many questions concerning the social and environmental desirability of encouraging further expansion. Do the expenditures of tourists benefit the residents of destination areas? Is tourism encouraging prostitution, crime and gambling? Does tourism rejuvenate or erode the traditional arts and crafts of host culture... ...o contain a mixture of both positive and negative strands and affect both hosts and guests (Opperman, Chon 1997 barrel maker et al. 1998). As a result, in spite of the fact that some lookers regard socio-cul tural change as one of the evils of tourism development, any form of economic development will, by definition, carry with it implications for social structure and cultural aspects of the host population (Cooper et al. 1998)Though originally most of the research tended to look at rural areas in the English speaking world (e.g., Long et al., 1990 Murphy, 1985) and then subsequently withreference to the impact of tourism on the communities and indigenous people (e.g., Ryan & Aicken, 2005), more recent research has looked at tourism impacts in the non-English-speaking world among the cultural representatives of those countries(e.g., Eraqi, 2007).

Zeus Obstacle :: essays research papers

One of the greatest goddesses who lived atop mount Olympus was the goddess genus Athene. genus Athene was known as being the goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, and industry, Furthermore she aided many desperate warriors on their journeys, and for this she is considered very just. With all of her contributions to the race of man such as the olive, the ability to tame the horse, and her creation of the potters wheel, she was greatly admired by humans. Athena was a very thoughtful and intelligent goddess, very rarely did she become angered, and more often thought of a solution, which was beneficial rather than vengeful. She was also peerless of the three virgin goddesses she withheld her appetite for love and kept her chastity. With many sources of evidence, it is clear that Athena was one of the greatest of all gods and goddesses, her intellect, moral values, and great gifts to humanity assemble her atop any other goddess in respect to popularity in Greek culture.Athena had one of th e strangest births of any of the gods. Out of the many gods and goddesses, who lived atop mount Olympus, genus Zeus reigned above them all. He was the most powerful and strongest of all the gods and goddesses, even if you combined all of their attributes together, they still were no match for Zeus and his dominance, It is no surprise that a god this great should need no woman to bear offspring at the level of the gods. Zeus was told by mother earth and father flip out that him, and his wife metis would bare children, which would jeopardize his position as ruler of everything. With this foretold conclusion, Zeus decided to swallow Metis who was about to give birth, and in so gaining her intelligence and wisdom. It is give tongue to however, that the result of metis being eaten were Zeus tremendous headaches. Hephaestus had the solution to these headaches, an axe, the result of the axe and Zeus skull was that Athena sprang out, fully-grown and Armored. Athena had been given a numero us amount of traits from her mother, more over the of import qualities were wisdom and justice.Because of her passion for war and battle, Athena was the protector of those who were brave and valorous. One of the many stories, which include a warrior receiving help from Athena, was Perseus. In his quest to kill the gorgon medusa, Athena gave Perseus his most helpful tool, a great shield in which he could view the reflection of the monster (anyone who looked directly into her gaze would be turned to stone).

Opium :: essays research papers

History of OpiumOpium is a narcotic drug prepared from the juice of the opium poppy, Pa paver somniferum, a plant probably original in the south of Europe and western Asia, but now so widely cultivated that its original habitat is uncertain. The medicinal properties of the juice drop been recognize from a very early period.It was known to Theophrastus and appears inhis time to have consisted of an extract of the whole plant, since Dioscorides, about A.D. 77, draws a distinction between it and an extract of the good herb derived from the capsules alone. From the 1st to the 12th century the opium of Asia Minor appears to have been the only kind known in commerce. In the thirteenth century opium is mentioned by Simon Januensis, mendelevium to Pope Nicholas IV., while meconium was still in use. In the 16th century opium is mentioned by Pyres (1516) as aproduction of the kingdom in Bengal, and of Malwai. Its introduction into India appears to have been connected with the spread of Islam. The opium monopoly was the property of the Great Mogul of Persia and was regularlysold. In the 17th century Kaempfer describes the various kinds of opium prepared in Persia, and states that the best sorts were flavoured with spices and called theriaka. These preparations were held in heavy(p) estimation during the middle ages, and probably supplied to a large extent the place of the pure drug. Opium is said to have been introduced into China by the Arabs probably in the 13th century, and it was originally used there as a medicine. In a Chinese Herbal compiled before 1700 both the plant and its juice are described, in concert with the mode of collecting it, and in the General History of the Southern Provinces of Yunnan, revised and republished in 1736, opium is noticed as a common product. The first edict prohibiting opium dope was issued by the emperor Yung Cheng in 1729. Up to that date the amount imported did not exceed 200 chests, and was usually brought from India by ju nks as a result cargo. In the year 1757 the monopoly of opium cultivation in India passed into the work force of the East India Company through the victory of Clive at Plassey. Up to 1773 the trade with China had been in the hands of the Portuguese, but in that year the East India Company took the trade under their own charge.

Hamlet Obituaries Essay

Hamlet peacefully passed away on expose 18, 1585. He was innate(p), and raised, in Denmark. He was born on swear out 19, 1555. Hamlet is survived by his one and only true friend Horatio. Hamlet was loved by his mother, Gertrude, a lot. Sadly She passed away transactions before he had. Hamlet had many hobbies, which included, fencing, forging letters, hanging out with his friend, and talking to ghosts. He studied in Germany. Hamlets funeral get out be on March 22, 1547 at 900 pm.Ophelia passed away by drowning on March 13, 1585. She was born, and raised in Denmark. She was born on October 21, 1561. Ophelia is survived by her brother, Laertes and her close friend, Hamlet. Ophelia was loved by Polonius, Laertes and Hamlet. Sadly, her generate rejected Hamlet so she could neer love him. Ophelia never really had any hobbies, but she had a mad love for flowers because they always soothed her like nada else. She also played the guitar. Ophelias funeral will be held on March 15, 1547 at 600 pm.Claudius passed away minutes before Hamlet on March 18, 1585. He was born, and raised, in Denmark. He was born July 3, 1534. Claudius is survived by Ophelia and Gertrude. Claudius was loved by the one and only Gertrude because Hamlet knew that he killed Hamlet Sr. Claudius cheated his was to the throne. Claudius also never really had any hobbies, but what he did like when he was younger was fencing and reading, but other than that, he just took care of Denmark. Claudiuss funeral will be held on March 24, 1547 at 700 pm.Gertrude had also passed away minutes before Hamlet on March 18, 1585. She was born on January 23, 1537. Gertrude was born, and raised, in Demark. Gertrude is survived by the one and only Hamlet, and also Claudius. She knows that Hamlet told her that Claudius killed Hamlet Sr. Gertrude, like Ophelia and Claudius, never really had any hobbies, except for helping manage Denmark with Claudius because he cant do it alone. Gertrudes funeral will be held on March 23, 1547 at 630 pm

Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

Thermal radiation also known as infrared frequency which is a form of light that layabout not be seen, we can sole(prenominal) see visible light. Infrared gives us information that we would not be adequate to(p) to get from visible light. Because all butt gives off any(prenominal) type of heat, yes, all objects even if the of cold or frozen. Cold or frozen objects only gives off a very small amount of heat, but this heat can be detected by infrared. We can you use infrared to stack up information about the heat and temperature an object has. Anything that has a temperature whether it is cold or hot will give off will give off infrared light or heat.When looking at these objects the hotter they are the nitider they are. The less bright they appear they cooler the object is. For example if you used infrared to look at a cold or frozen object you would notice the object does not appear bright at all, but the further away from that object you move it will start to get brighter be cause the area is warmer than the object. The oppo direct is true for a hotter object the further you move from the heat the less bright the area appears. It was discovered in an 1800 experiment by William Herschel, the same astronomer that discovered Uranus.He used a cut-glass object to separate the sunlight into a spectrum of colors. While taking the temperature of the visual colors, he noticed when he placed the thermometer bulb just beyond the red colors the temperature would raise, this was the birth of thermal radiation. at that place are types of radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum, a lot of which we can not see. The little portion that we can see is called light. This spectrum is identified by either pitiful or long wavelength, infrared is non-ionizing radiation found in the long wavelength between microwaves and visible light. Infrared radiation (IR) has wavelengths ranging from 780 nm to 1 mm. Following the motley by the International Commission on Illumination ( CIE), this band is subdivided into IRA (from 780 nm to 1. 4 ?m), IRB (from 1. 4 ?m to 3 ?m) and IRC (from 3 ?m to 1 mm). This subdivision approximately follows the wavelength-dependent absorption characteristics of IR in tissue and the resulting different biological effects (Matthes & Stellman, 2011). Infrared is being used by the government, private industry, and some research activities.The fire department uses infrared or thermal imaging to see through smoke during fires to help find personnel that may wound or trapped in the fire and find hot spots after a fire has been put out. The military uses it to help support in wickedness surveillance and missions. The police department uses it for ground and aerial search, for example a thief hiding or running from the police at night The manoeuvreplace is host to a variety of IR hazards, including both short-and long-term exposures that represent real health risks.Examples of operations that produce infrared radiation embroil weldin g, cutting, brazing, furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, glassblowing, lasers and high-intensity light sources (Sankpill, 2009). Working in the sun can cause sunburn from the rays of the sun. Infrared exposure has been know to cause cataracts. Two occupations that are most know for this is glass-blowers and furnace operators. Infrared exposure can also cause a loss of site. When it absorb in the eye, the area of the retina is damaged which cause you to loss site in that area. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guideline for IR-A exposure of the anterior of the eye is a time-weighted total irradiance of 100watts per square meter for exposure durations surpassing 1,000 seconds (ACGIH 1992 and 1995) (Sankpill, 2009). All employees should try and engineer these hazards out or find a way to protect the employees by shielding them from the hazards. If this is unable to be accomplished indeed personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used as a last result.OSHA has stet standards to protect the worker from these hazards 29 CFR 1926. 102(b)(1) for construction, 29 CFR 1910. 133(a)(5) for general industry, and 29 CFR1910. 153(a)(4( for marine industry. There is a variety of protective eyewear that is coated with a IR-absorbing lenses that are shade at different level depending on the job being conducted. You can buy them in either goggles, glasses, or face shields. Be sure not confuse tinted lenses with the protected shaded lenses.Also due to the new technologies plastic and polycarbonate lenses squander been developed to absorb infrared across the entire lens at a consistent level. Concerns have been raised about a possible fall in between some types of non-ionizing radiation and cancer. The way in which it might do this isnt clear. Non-ionizing radiation doesnt damage DNA directly, but it may be able to profess cells in other ways. The possible links between some of types of non-ionizing radiation and cancer are discussed below.But at this time, non-ionizing radiation has not been established as being able to cause cancer (Society, 2010). In conclusion, infrared there are still a mixed opinions about the effect it has on the body. So it is best as always to take the proper steps to keep you safe. That means wearing the proper personal protective equipment when it is required. Also if you have to work with or around infrared you should always take it a pond yourself to learn the limitations of any type of radiations so that you will know how to protect yourself. file name extension PageMatthes, R., & Stellman, J. M. (2011). Infrared Radiation. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health & Safety http//www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vi/radiation-non-ionizing/item/654-infrared-radiationSankpill, J. P. (2009, October). U.S. Safety. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from U.S. Safety Web site http//www.ussafety.com/media_vault/documents/1258397660.pdfSociety, A. C. (2010, March 29). Radiation scene and Cancer. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from American Cancer Society web site http//www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/medicaltreatments/radiation-exposure-and-cancer

The Lost Thing

THELOSTTHING ShaunTan TeachersNotes ByNancyMortimer Contents Introduction LanguageandLiteracy VisualLiteracy designingandLayout DiscussionPoints TheLostThingShaunTan TeachersGuide2009Page1of8 www. hachettechildrens. com. au INTRODUCTION TheLostThingisthe inauguralpicturebookthatShaunTanhasbothwrittenandillustrated,andthe resultisawonderful,warm,humorousstorythatwillbereadandenjoyedbya commodiousrangeof ages. Thereissomuchtoporeoverandponderinthisbookthatitwillbeawelcomeadditionto theresourcesthatteachers behavetodrawon.Thestoryisanage? oldandfamiliarlostdogstorytoldbytheboyandaddressedtothe lector. Itisamatter? of? factanecdote, full phase of the moonofinterestandcompassion,buttheaccompanying illustrationsmakeTheLostThingextremelychallenging. Thejuxtapositionoftextanddrawings makeabookthatisboththought? arouseandfilledwithfoodforthought. TheLostThingcanbeusedintheclassroomfrommiddleprimaryrightthroughtoupper secondary coilandagreatdealcanbegainedbythosewhoreadit. TheLostT hingShaunTan TeachersGuide2009Page2of8 www. achettechildrens. com. au LANGUAGEANDLITERACY Thelanguagethestoryiswritteninissimpleandostensiblystraightforward,however ShaunTanisconstantlychallengingthereaderwithhisunexpecteduseofwordsand conceptslookatthemeaningofthewordweirdforinstanceandthesummaryofthe thingItwasquitefriendlythough,onceIstartedtalkingtoitwhendepictedonthepage isahuge,indefinable,outlandishcreature. ThenarratortellsthestoryinafamiliarWhatIdidintheholidaysmode. QuestionWhatisthe putofthissimplelanguageandminimaltext?QuestionWhatwasarealdilemmaforthenarrator? (Page16) Satire Satireinliteratureholdsthemirrorupforustolookatoursociety,ourfoiblesand ourselves. LookattheplaceofsatireinTheLostThing. Metaphor LookatTheLostThingasbeingametaphorandthushavingdifferentmeaningsfromwhat appearsonthesurface. Discussthiswiththeclass. Understatement LookattheplaceunderstatementplaysinTheLostThing. Opening Look particularlyatthebeginningofthestoryandcomment. TheLostThingShaunTan Teach ersGuide2009Page3of8 www. achettechildrens. com. au Ending Whatisthe clashingattheendofthestory? Whatdoyouthinkhashappenedtothenarrator? Characters Doacharacterstudyofthenarrator,outliningwhatheislikeandwhatheenjoysdoing. Whatothercharacters beinthestory? Whatpartdotheyplay? ActivityLookatthelostthingitself,andmakealistofwords,whichdescribeit. mode Whatmakesthestoryhumorous? Wheredoesthehumourcomefrom? Discusswiththe classdifferentsortsofhumourandlookattheingredientsthatcomprisehum

Philosophy of Education Essay

It was Chesterton, an English essayist, who once said that the most practical thing about a man is his view of the universe his philosophy (Hocking 4). domains philosophy is generally referred to as the sum of all his beliefs and views about the world which direct his actions. His beliefs comprise all those judgments, whether they are based on convictions or impressions, which he habitually lives by.During the pre-service education and throughout the teaching career, instructors will have to face up to what it means to live and to teach in a community that gives the undivided freedom to hold different beliefs and values. In this society there seems to be no single right way of thinking about and doing things in education. How teachers deal with school matters objectives, disciplines, and methods depend very much on their own individual beliefs and values. They should be willing to take responsibi illuminatey for giving their own answers to many a(prenominal) chores they wi ll meet in their schoolrooms regarding goals and values, and ship canal of teaching their savants.1. Organizing your classroom & materials.The teacher in the classroom is a veritable manager. The success of the activities in the classroom depends on the susceptibility of the teacher as classroom manager. He is at the helm of all activities, and these activities will succeed depending on how headspring he can lead and guide them properly. One of the most difficult problems that confront a beginning teacher is classroom focus. Unfortunately, he does not lease techniques of proper classroom management from books. He merely gets suggestions on how to mange a class, but there is nothing like teaching experience that will really teach him all the tricks of classroom management.Hence, classroom management is one of the main concerns of teachers, administrators, and parents. If the school is to live up to the communitys expectation that it is a reading-producing enterprise, the ind ividual classrooms which comprise the school essential(prenominal) contribute to the schools educational productivity. Learning is the central goal of the bring school operation, and teaching is the schools basic production technique. utile teaching and effective learning take place in well-managed classrooms. When class time is consumed by management problems, students are the losers, for little real learning takes place. As every teacher knows, unassailable classroom management is one of the strongest influences on academic learning.2. Choosing rules & procedures.A well managed classroom is hardly possible without laws, regulations, and conventions. The classroom in itself is a society and needs its own rules and regulations to keep peace and harmony within it. Certain classroom activities can be made automatic in the sense that they can be performed without much thought, especially when they have become habitual. Such activities, we say, have become routinized. It is apparen t that routinizing classroom rules and procedures can help the teacher a lot in classroom management. There are no hard-and-fast rules as to which activities can be reduced to routine. Routinizing would depend on such factors as size of the class, the nature of students, materials available, arrangement of equipment, and the like.There are certain advantages in routinizing classroom rules and procedures and these are economy in time and effort, prevent confusion, and march on learning activity. Much time is wasted on administrative activities that are not handled in a well-organized manner. Activities that are repeatedly done may well be routinized so that pupils will know exactly what should be done. around disadvantages should, however, be mentioned if routine factors are overmechanized. If every little activity in the classroom is mechanized, no room for initiative is left to the pupils. They may behave like automatons and certainly creativity is destroyed. The teacher is reduc ed to an autocratic general and the pupils are command soldiers who merely wait for the chiefs signal or command. Such a situation leads to blind obedience and acceptance of rules and procedures. This type of atmosphere must be avoided by the teacher.Certain classroom rules and procedure, though, can be routinized so that to a vaster extent than time can be devoted or allotted to more significant activities. Among these activities are the roll calls, seating, handling materials and devices, classroom courtesies, and responses to the bell signals. The main goal here is to save time and effort. Pupils should be made to understand and learn the value of time. The old saying that time is gold should be clearly impressed on the minds of children.3. Managing student perish.One aspect of classroom management deals with managing student work. The teacher takes full charge of the learning situation should manipulate the disciple and the situation to produce the desired learning. Managin g implies arranging the learning situation so that the learner comes face to face with the stimulating problem. While it is true that most teaching tends to foster teacher domination, manipulation, an intervention sort of than the havement of a genuine percentage relationship, teachers can learn to dominate less and get students to participate more. It is good practice for teachers not to repeat their questions, answer their own questions, or repeat answers of students.Some teachers tend to be autocratic or authoritarian. Experience and research findings show that democratic teachers produce better learning results than those who dominate, control, or manipulate learning situations. Teachers should look the psychological needs of their students and adapt their teaching styles accordingly. The teacher who encourages a two-way communication in the classroom insures a favorable teaching-learning climate. To understand better the complexities of learning and classroom behavior, clas srooms must be pupil centered rather than teacher centered.4. Getting off to a good start.Getting off a good start requires careful attention to how teachers teach rules and procedures to their classes. The tone of the class is set by the personal disposition that a teacher displays. A teacher should bring a cheerful, pleasant and confident disposition to the classroom. Once inside the room, a teachers face must be lit with joy to brighten the atmosphere. Then, a teacher should take the necessary time during the first day of class to describe carefully your expectations for behavior and work. Teachers should not be in a hurry to get started on content activities that teaching good behavior is neglected. Rather, combine learning about procedures, rules, and course requirements with your initial content activities in order to build the foundation for the whole year program.5. Planning & conducting instruction.Just as good classroom management enhances instruction by luck to create a good environment for learning, so too does effective instruction contribute to well-managed classroom. With the change of emphasis on educational objectives, with the inclusion of more outcomes learning, with the focus on the child as the most important factor in the educational process, the concept of conducting instruction has likewise diversified and broadened. In mod-fangled years, newer and more informal methods of instruction have come about. Current practices have procrastinatingly replaced the undesirable features of so-called lesson hearing instruction. This is due in part to the gradual acceptance of the newer philosophy of education, i.e. education is not merely a process of learning facts and storing noesis, but it is concerned with the many sided development of the individual social, emotional, and mental- including he energy to meet social needs.6. Managing cooperative learning groups.Cooperative learning in mathematics is essential if math teachers are to promot e the goals of problem-solving competency, efficacy to communicate mathematically, ability to reason mathematically, valuing of mathematics, and self-confidence in ones ability to apply mathematics, and self-confidence in ones ability to apply mathematical knowledge to new problem situations in ones world. Although competitive and individualistic assignments should at times be given (even though they place students in the lineament of being passive recipients of information), the dominant goal structure in math should be cooperative.There are a number of fairly simple ways teachers may begin to substance abuse cooperative learning in mathematics classes, including having students turn to their partners to decide on an answer to a question or having students work in pairs to check each others homework, involves far more than simply assigning students to groups and telling themto work together.The teachers role in structuring learning situations cooperatively involves clearly speci fying the objectives for the lesson, placing students in learning groups and providing appropriate materials, clearly explaining the cooperative goal structure and learning t get hold of, monitoring students as they work, and evaluating students performance. Teaching students the compulsory interpersonal and small-group skills can be done simultaneously with teaching academic material. In order to sustain the long-term implementation and in-classroom help and assistance mandatory to gain expertise in cooperative learning, teachers need support groups made up of colleagues who are also committed to mastering cooperative learning.7. Maintaining appropriate student behavior.A number of educators have formulated some suggestions on ways to maintain good classroom student behavior. The suggestions range from how to encourage students to behave and how to develop and maintain a positive approach to classroom management. Some of these suggestions comm sole(prenominal) used in the classroo ms are (1) Act as if you expect students to be bang-up from the first day on (2) Expect everyones attention before starting to teach. Stop when there is noise. Dont teach over individual or group chatter (3) dont talk too much as after a while, you lose the students attention. Involve the students in activities, ask questions, pose problems, etc. (4) Hold students accountable for abiding by rules.8. talk skills for teachers.Making a lesson presentation basically requires mastery and understanding of goals, skills and criteria for effective communication. Communication skills is also at the very core of effective teaching. As most teacher would agree that to communicate well is to teach well. In the skillful use of the question more than anything else lies the fine art of teaching for in it we have the guide to clear and vivid ideas, and the quick spur to imagination, the stimulus to thought, the incentive to action.9. Managing problem behavior.It has been stressed time and again t hat good classroom discipline is indispensable to an effective learning situation. All teachers, old or young, old or new in the service, are faced with problems of discipline. It is true that some teachers can maintain better discipline than can others. It is suggested that the best approach should be positive rather than negative. The best measure should be preventive rather than remedial. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, so the saying goes. This adage is exactly what should guide the teacher. Knowing the possible causes of disciplinary problems, the teacher should strive to eliminate them.10. Managing special groups.One of the special challenges a teacher should face is managing special groups successfully. Of course, these groups have an reach on the management of student behavior as well as on instruction. Experience have proven that attempting to cope with these special groups by victimization many different assignments, providing an individualized, self-paced program, or using small group instruction extensively in secondary school increases the complexity of classroom management, requires a great deal of planning and preparation, and require instructional materials that are not readily available. So, rather than altering the instructional approach, experienced teachers provide for different levels of student ability by supplementing their whole-class instruction with limited use of special materials, activities , assignments, and small group work. So, to the question of which administrative procedure is most effective in managing special groups, only one answer can be given. All can be effective if used with discretion and with the right children.ConclusionThe teachers total philosophy of life cannot be separated from his philosophy of education, his learning theory, and his methods of teaching. In other words, how he thinks about his work and the way he performs his functions as a teacher are derived from what he believes about the na ture of the world, knowledge, and values. In philosophical terms, his world-view lies in the realm of the metaphysical, his knowledge-view in the epistemological, and his values in the axiological. These are the philosophies which teachers consciously or unconsciously deal with in the teaching world.Every committed teacher tries to work out his own philosophy of education, clarifies his beliefs and ideals to make his teaching meaningful to himself and to his students. Without a philosophy of education, the teacher will be easily swayed by fads in education. Because his life and work involve making choices and decisions, the teacher cannot avoid having a philosophy. notwithstanding when courses of study are dictated, he always has the freedom to decide how he will teach and to select the contents and methods of teaching.

Ethics and Abortion Essay

Nicky was 18 when she started dating with James. They had unprotected premarital sex. After a few weeks, she found out that she was pregnant so she asked an advice from her doctor. She wasnt educate for a pander yet. She still had her ambitions in life and she didnt want to give up her social life. So she and James unyielding to abort the baby (Real Life Abortion (Nickys Story), 2003). Yes, you read it expert.In this time of one-night stands, premarital sex and unwanted pregnancies, abortion has become a common repeat from responsibility. Abortion is the removal of an embryo or a POC (Product of Conception) from the uterus. Basically, in that respect are two symbols of abortion the spontaneous abortion and the induced abortion. Spontaneous abortion is the type that is caused by accident and/or by natural cases. It can also be caused by environmental factors. On the other hand, induced abortion is caused by human fill.It is further categorized into therapeutic and elective. Th erapeutic abortion is the act of removing the fetus from the uterus for reasons of safety and/or survival in the part of the mother, to stay fresh the mothers health, to terminate pregnancy that would result in a child born with congenital disorders, and to selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks regarding multiple pregnancies. Meanwhile, elective abortion is the kind of abortion performed for any other reason.There are two different but parallel theories regarding abortionthe eventful theory and the deontology theory. The consequential theory believes that an act is morally justifiedly if and only if it contributes to the common good(Williams, 1973. ). It outrightly supports abortionwhitethorn it be therapeutic or elective. In therapeutic abortion, if the mother life is at risk in having the pregnancy, then the consequential theory allows for much(prenominal) action. If having a baby destroys a persons proximo career, then abortion is okay.Consequential theory denies that moral rightness depends solely on the anything other than the consequences (B. Hooker, 2000). Nonetheless, what makes this morally wrong is not the abortion itself but the consequences it may bring to the mother such as emotional trauma. Consequential theory ignores all morally relevant factors to the consequences as opposed to whatever the circumstances there may be(Mill, 1861). However, deontology theory asserts otherwise.Deontological ethics or duty-based ethics does not consider an act as good or evil per se but classifies the action as it is being performed or on the process of performing devoid of prejudice or pre-established ethical formulas. It judges morality by evaluating the nature of the actions and the leave alone of the person involved rather than what is achieved(Kay, 1997). It is also known as nonconsequentialism. Deontological judgment depends on the object or original nature of the act. It typically involves two all-important(a) elements, pre rogatives and constraints.Prerogatives deny that one should always choose the option with optimistic consequences and constraints place limitations on the actions that the person may do in order to bring near his own personal good. Thus, from the deontological parlance, abortion, because it takes away life, upsets natures way of creation, and denies the natural capacity of a woman to give birth, is objectively and intentionally malicious, although it could be confirm in extreme cases which would merit for an exception.These two theories, in essence are different but somehow, they are compatible with each other. They do not very contradict each other, rather, they are analogous. Analogous theories are truly and essentially different but necessarily contradictory with each other in principle but they could have similar effects or conclusion per application that is why they are analogouspartly the same, partly different. In the present society, almost women view abortion consequent ially.They justify abortion by consequences it may cause. Lets take Nickys situation as an example. Nicky believes that the abortion of their baby is right mainly because it was not yet the right time for them to have a baby. If she were to continue with her pregnancy, what would have happened? She would have lived a miserable lifenot having a job or a career and tied down with a baby. What if her boyfriend James left her? Could she find another man who would readily acquit her despite her past?There were lots of things to be consideredschool, financial stability, and emotional stability. These and a lot more questions ran through Nickys mind before she decided to go with the abortion. Obviously, it is not easy to try to confuse ones conscience. But if we look at it closely, it is a matter of rights. Womens rights. Everybody makes luxates. Nicky did a mistake by engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Nevertheless, continuing the pregnancy could also be a mi stake.Abortion, when we look at its consequences, is not a mistake. According to the Womens Rights, women have the right to bodily integrity and autonomy. Whether or not the woman decides to resort to abortion of the fetus inside her body, it is her right to decide on that. Aside from that, women also have the right to parenthood and marriage. Women who have committed abortion should not be discriminated by the society. True, it is not such a nice image but hey, women are humans. Women have rightsequal rightsand dignity(2006, Human Rights Watch).

Organisational Behaviour †Personalities Essay

Organisation a group of people working towards the same goal.Human Resource Management a operate in organisations designed to maximise employee performance in service of their employers strategic objectives. HR is primarily concerned with how people are completed within organisations, focalization on policies and systems.Organisational Behaviour studies the impact individuals, groups, and structures have on human behaviour within organisations. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management.The companies which interest people do better financially. work out 1 Knowing YourselfWho am I creative, worried, thoughtful, planner, enthusiasticPersonality and Individual DifferencesNature and NurtureFixed in the short runParticularly outstanding in weak situationsOrganisational PersonalityWhy is Personality needed?For recruiters to see what individual is needed for a jonTo see what careers are better for usTo manage employees to unde rstand their natural capabilities and where they will find most satisfactionPersonality at workFundamental personality traits, the Big 5Openness to consumeConscientiousnessExtraversion IntroversionAgreeablenessNeuroticism unrestrained StabilityIndividual Differences (Affectivity, EQ, Type A/B)Openness to Experience OE has implications for peiples willingness to be real and take risks. It is essential during change, jobs involving risk, and oriented towards innovationConscientiousness Strong link between this and performance. Is it a limiting factor at work? Is it ever proficient to break the rules at work? Extraversion have a greater tendency to experience positive emotional states. They outperform introverts in managerial and gross revenue jobs. Good for jobs involving frequent social interaction.Agreeableness No clear research between agreeableness and performance. A low agreeableness may be an avail in certain jobs, a higher agreeableness may be helpful for a team player.N euroticism Link to performance is unclear, however this is not necessarily bad. It is linked to negative affectivity. At work, they may be more critic of their own work, and may be more persistent in work.CORRELATIONSEmotional Intelligence (EQ) the extent to which an individual understands and can relate to him/her-self and others (Goleman, 1998). The ability to recognize and regulate our own emotionsThe ability to recognize and influence others emotionsSocial Skill The skills we engagement to communicate and interact with each other, both verbally and non-verbally, through gestures, body language and our personal appearance. Managing relationships to move people in desirable directions. Can be developed through motivation, practice and feedback. Can only be learned with desire and concerned effort. Be in a social environment, feel comfortable.

Pride of Paradise Lost’s Satan and Dr Faustus Essay

Pride and worse ambition threw me down(4.40) severalizes Satan in John Miltons heaven bemused. This short and simple confession hides salwaysal deep conveys and significant messages to humankind. That is because it is not only Satan who stumbles by the sin of plume. Satan is the tempter and foe of mankind, and he imposes his own ill traits on mankind while severe to draw him to the depths of hell. That is, like Satan human may think super of himself though he is not. In Christopher Marlowes The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus presents an impressive moral of how limitless human is in excrescence with pride. Pride was a common theme during Renaissance and, both Milton and Marlowe demonstrated how it can lead a catastrophe. Pride is the land why both Satan and Doctor Faustus turns against matinee idol, cannot repent despite their regret, and eventu everyy destructed and punish by God.Firstly, it is pride, their common trait, which leads Satan in Doctor Faustus to rebel ag ainst God. When we look at Satans situation he is in the Heaven as well as other angels, so what makes him to be fallen from there? God creates Son and makes him His most favorite one, and puts him in a higher(prenominal) slur than Satan and other angels are. This is the point when Satan becomes Satan. He is jealous of Son because his pride makes him suppose that he should be the superior, the most beloved and valued. In lines 686-690 (Book 6), he says, for they weened/ That selfsame day by fight, or by surprise/ To win the Mount of God, and on His commode/ To set the envier of His State, the proud /Aspirer. These lines are an example of how his pride makes him an aspirer to God. However, we can see his desire for superiority when he, disguised as a serpent, and hard to deceive Eve he says, Look on me /Me who have touched and tasted yet both spirited /And life more perfect have attained than fate /Meant me, by ventring higher than my Lot.He teems with the idea of a more perfect life, and he tries to contaminate others with the same idea. His uneasiness is not only with Son, but he is unsatisfactory with God as well. Eventually, he rebels against God and be situated in Hell. As Milton starts medias res, the adventure of Satan, actually, begins when he is fallen in Hell. His fatal pride and ambition leads him to statute title battle with God he is so blinded with ambition that he cannot see his limitations. In this sense, he behavesnaively in spite of his heroic characteristic, and he is so proud of his army that he neer thinks he will be defeated. For example, How such united force of gods, how such/ As stood like these, could ever kip down repulse?Here, he thinks a strong force as his will never know repulse. Another praise of his army is between the lines 631-634 (Book 1) For who can yet believe, though after loss, /That all these puissant legions whose exile /Hath emptied Heavn shall fail to re-ascend,/ Self-raised, and repossess their native seat? H e thinks so highly of his army that they surely will get their seats back in the Heaven. In short, Satans pride does not only lead her to rebel but also to fight with God.When we look at Doctor Faustus, though he is a human that means he is son of Adam and confrontation of Satan, he follows the paths of Satan and his pride gives rise to other sins as a result his relation with God is broken. Doctor Faustus is a scientist who is obsessed with the idea of conjuring however, his greatest sin is pride, which is the greatest of seven poisonous sins and the one leading others. sooner the play begins the Chorus tells us his pride Till swollen with cunning, of a self conceit (page 1, 1.0.20). He is so proud of himself that he becomes self- conceit. Due to his pride, Doctor Faustus searches knowledge beyond human realm for mightiness. Thus, pride brings greed, which is not just for knowledge but also for wealth. He believes unadulterated magic he will be richer he says, A world of profi t and delight, Of power, of honor, of omnipotence (page 5, 1.1.1-2). Eventually, he makes a deal with devil and trades his soul for knowledge.Making a deal with Devil means to defy God, because he is not satisfied with what God has given him. Doctor Faustus regards himself on a higher level than devils and hell I charge thee to return and change thy shape,/ Thou art too ugly to attend on me (scene 3, 23-24). He thinks nothing will happen to him Come, I think hells a fictionalisation. His challenge with God progresses throughout the play he supposes he is more deserving the special parcel out than the Pope POPE My Lord, here is a dainty dish was sent to me from the bishop of Milan. FAUSTUS I thank you, sir. snatch it (scene 7, 62-64) This air to Pope is a disrespect to God as well. He goes further and declares he can be Great Emperor of the world, able to Make a bridge through the moving air, which is a put one across defiance to God. Secondly, eventhe Despair of Doctor Faustus is another aspect of his pride, which prevents him from prevent as Satans pride suggests God will not forgive him.Both characters feel regret from clock time to time Good Angels ask Dr Faustus to repent and give chance to release from his deal with Lucifer, on the other distribute Satan struggles with Despair throughout the epic. However, they are so blinded with pride that anything good has no meaning to them. We can see Satans sorrow in these lines , for now the thought/Both of wooly happiness and lasting pain/Torments him(1.55-56). Yet, his pride oercomes his regret All is not lost the unconquerable Will,/ And bravery never to submit or yield/ And what is else not to be overcome? / That Glory never shall his offense or might/ Extort from me. Another time when he thinks of reconciliation he immediately gives up, say I could repent and could obtain/By act of clothe my former state how soon/Would upper side recall high thoughts (4, 93-95). Similarly, in his encounters with Go od Angels, Doctor Faustus is tempted by his pride and believes no need to uncertainness because nothing can hurt him FAUSTUS. What god can hurt thee, Faustus? Thou art safe, /Cast no more doubts. (scene 5, 25-26).In Paradise Lost, Satan decides it is too late to repent because of his pride (4. 80-82) in a Satanic way Doctor Faustus believes when Devil tells him it is too late to repent. Both cannot see the power and blessing of God because they have already refused His grace before. Thirdly, both Satan and Doctor Faustus encounter punishment, and fall from grace of God that is their pride prepares their tragic end. Firstly, when we look at Satans situation we see that his pride caused him to fall two times. At primary, his pride leads him to envy Son, and he is punished by casted off to Hell. His first fall Him the Almighty Power/ Hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal sky/ With hideous ruin and conflagration down / To bottomless perdition, there to dwell (44) As Milton begin s medias res he focuses on the second flaw.He does not choose the way to repent, instead his pride grows to such an extent that he claims battle over God. Inevitably, he is defeated at last though his achievement to cause Adam and Eve to be exiled from Paradise. Satans attempts due(p) to his pride and his fall is clearly explained in these lines To set himself in anchor ring above his peers,/ He trusted to have equaled the Most High, / If he opposed and with ambitious aim/ Against the throne and monarchy of God, / Raised impious was in Heaven and battle proud /With vain attempt.(39-44). EvenSatan himself confesses the reason of his fall pride and worse ambition threw me down (4, 40). Secondly, when we look at Doctor Faustus his fall due to his pride and how he follows the paths of Satan is foreshadowed at the beginning when he inquires Satan, Mephastophilis replies O, by aspiring pride and shamelessness / For which God threw him from the face of Heaven. (scene 3, 66-68).That dem onstrates why Satan has fallen and implies how Doctor Faustus, who makes a deal with Satan, will fall. Before that, in prologue the Chorus explicitly suggests he will fall due to his pride Till, swollen with cunning, of a self conceit, /His waxen wings did mount above his reach,/ And melting heavens conspired his overthrow. (prologue,18-22). In conclusion, a ethereal character and a human being intersect in their characteristics, flaws, and ends. Satan in Paradise Lost and Doctor Faustus in Marlowes play swell with pride the former claiming himself an enemy to God, and the latter denying the power of God. Both, inability to repent, allow their pride, to become excessive and bring their downfall.

Henry Fayol Theory of Management Essay

DEFINITION OF familiar SPHERE THEORYIn rhetoric, the places were citizens supersede ideas, information, attitude and convictions.The purpose of Habermas globe sphere is a metaphorical term habitd to describe the virtual space where commonwealth tolerate interact through the world wide web, for instance is non actually a web, net is not a space, and so with the unexclusive sphere.Its the virtual space where the citizens of a country exchange ideas and discuss issues in order to reach agreement about matters of general interest(Jurgen, Habermas 1997105) HISTORY OF JURGEN HABERMASJurgen Habermas was born(p) in Dusseldorf, Garmany in 1929, he had served in the Hilter youth and had been sent to them. The western front during the final months of the war.Habermas delight onto the intellectual scence began in 1950s with an influential critique of Martin Heideggers philosophy.He studied philosophy at universities of Gottingen and Bonn, which he followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the institute of social research under Maz Horkheimer and Theoder Adono. In the 1960s and 70s he target at the university of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am main. He thenaccepted a directorship at the slime Pianck institution in stamberg in 1971. In 1980 he won prize and two years ulterior he took a professorship at the university of Frankfurt, remaining there until his retirement in 1994.Habermas on the humanity sphere, he means primary at al a dominant of our social life in which something coming out in which existence opinion can be formed. The right is guaranteed to all citizen. A position of the public sphere comes in being in every conversation in which surreptitious individuals assemble to form a public body.Citizens behave as a public body when they bring in an unrestricted fashion i.e, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and bring on their opinions about matters of general interest. The contemporary pub lics sphere is characterized according to Habermas. By the weathering of its critical roles and capacities. In the past furtherance was used to subject people or the present political decisions to the public. Today the public sphere is recruited for the use of hidden policies by interest groups. For Habermas, the principles of the public sphere are weakening in the 20th century. The public is no longer made out of masses of individuals but of organized people that institutionally exerting their see on the public sphere and debate. Habermas introduces the concepts of communicative power as the key prescriptive resources for countering the norn-free steering media of money and administrative power. Linking parley with power already suggests a mix of the normative resources of communicative action with the neutral force of power. Is such a conceptual mix stable? As the source for antiauthoritarian legalisation of the use of state power, communicative power is a central notion in H abermass egalitarian theory.Although, in the medium of in restricted communication new problem situation can be perceived more sensitively, discourses aimed at achieving self-understanding can be conducted more widely and expressively, collective identities and need interpretations can be articulated with fewer compulsions then is the case in procedurally regulated public sphere.HOW HABERMAS ANALYSIS PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONHabermas analysis public communication in medieval times there existed no dissolution or distinction between private and public sphere, dure to the class pyramid of the feudal transcription. This system for Habermas positioned great power at every level and to this day conventions regarding the ruler persisted, with political authority retained by the highest level. Rulers saw the state and not as representatives of the state meaning that they represent their power to the people and not for the people. fall over to Habermas, by the late 18th century feudal inst itutions were finally disappearing along with church services rule, making way to public power which was given autonomy. Rulers become public entities and professionalism bore the first signs of the bourgeois which become autonomous in relation to the government. Representational publicity was pushed over by a public force that formed around national and territorial sentiment and individual struggling with public power found themselves outside its collective power. The term public did not refer to the representation of a man with authority, but rather became the legitimate power of exercising power. The public sphere, according to Habermas, was the final stop of these developments.HOW IMPORTANT HARBERMAS THEORYSolutions can be raised and tested for potential objections without the pressure to put opinion immediately in practice. Uncoupling communicated opinions from concrete practical obligations tends to have an intellectualizing effect. Furthermore, a great deal of political com munication that does not immediately call for political action is certainly crucial to the political discourse a robust, democratic society. Free sphere plays an essential role in the political process as a cooperative search for truth.We should not be misled into thinking that the public sphere amounts to nothing more than a public arena in which people talk about politics. Nor does the public sphere have scarce instrumental value for bringing relevant information into political process. The public sphere is a normativeconcept that plays a key role in the process that culminates in legitimate political decisions. According to Habermas, institutionalized democratic lawmaking and judicial review alone are insufficient to confer democratic legitimacy. Alone with legislative decisions, judicial and administrative decision are only ensured legitimacy through the normative reasons generated by an un-subverted public sphere. Otherwise, political decisions are dedicated by the power strug gles within the political system and not by citizens themselves who, as the addresses of the law, are the ones affected.Without robust political public sphere, there is little check on the administrative power that dictates the flow of communication and power within the political system and the citizenry. Thus, the public sphere theory is more inanely an arena for talking politics. It is the primary site for detecting problems, for generating groundwork democratic infuses, and for the deliberation of citizens, all of which are necessary for democratic legitimacy. In the following, I distinguish the eventful normative aspects of the informal public sphere theory. 1. Its communicative and organizational structure2. The capacities required to meet its pass on role within a deliberative politics and 3. The qualified out comes or effects generated by the public sphere. This last aspect will lead into the discussion of crucial role of communicative power.

Summary and critique of Stanley Milgram

The taste on behavioural Study of Obedience was conducted by Stanley Milgram in July 1961. It was barely three months after Adolf Eichmann had been tried over the whitlow activities committed during the Nazi war. The research was designed to address the wonders about the peoples who were the masterminds of the infamous Nazi torturing trial by ordeal that were responsible for the deaths of millions of the innocent people. It was intended to find out the people who would prefer to be submissive to the potential at the expense of human life.The try out also sought to measure the automaticness of individuals to succeed an dictum conformation who instructs them to do certain affairs that are against their someoneal conscience. The question that the researchers were asking was, Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the final solution were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices? The hypothesis was that thither was likelihood that that during th e Nazi war it magnate have been that Adolf Eichmann and his accomplices were just being submissive to the orders from higher authority (against their will) to murder the innocent people.The research question was very instrumental in helping to unveil how one can alter some other persons behavior, beliefs and mind-set. Before giving the results of the experiment the researcher predicted that just now a negligible number of the participants would obey the orders and persist on to administer maximum ball over. The swerve was 0 3%. That meant that out of atomic number 6 participants only 3 would administer the 450 volt disaster.MethodThe people who participate in the experiment (subjects) were drawn from diametrical social status background within New Haven area. They comprised people from a wide range occupation with characteristic characters include clerical officers, teachers, salespersons, engineers and drudges. The group was a representative of all educational directs fro m basal school to doctorate and other professional degrees and aged between 20 50 years in their right state of mind (Milgram, S., 1963).The dependable variable in this experiment was the maximum shock that the subject, S, was instinctive to administer to the victim L up to that point when he resist to follow the instructions accustomed to him by the experimenter. The independent variables were the learner (an experimental confederate) and the experimenters orders.There were two participants in each case. They were a nave subject who compete the role of a teacher and was provided with a 450 volt electric shock generator and the second one a confederate who played the role of a learner. The task of the teacher was to read to the learner a list of word pairs. The learner on the other hand was to move correctly to these pairs of words by pressing the button as an indicator of his response. In case of a impairment answer the teacher was to administer an electric shock to the lear ner. For each subsequent wrong answer, the teacher would increase the voltage.Even though the subject intrustd that the learner was receiving the actual shock, the learner, being in a separate room, sets up a tape recorder which had been incorporated to the electric shock generator. This tape played sounds which had been pre-recorded to march each shock level. The presupposed victim (learner) would start to bang the wall separating him from the subject at given numbers of voltage increase. He would continue banging on the wall and complaining of amount of money condition until all the responses from him ceased. The data collected was based on how much electric shock the subjects were willing to inflict on the victim. This was to portend their level of obedience and to see their willingness to obey the orders if it they were doing it deliberately or did it against their will.Resultslastly it was discovered that out of the 40 participants 14 subjects showed explicit signs of nervou s laughter and smiling which were inapt and weird. trine of the subjects developed irrepressible convulsions. According to the results obtained, it is evident that while responding to the demands prompted by the appraisals, 40 themes exceed the projected break-off point.none of them administered the electric shock below 300 volts, a point when the victim starts to kick the wall and provided no answers to the teachers questions. 5 of them stops at the 300 volt level 4 of them harvest-festival to 315 volt level 2 breaks of at 330 volt level 3 others drop off at 345, 360 and 375 volts respectively. These 14 subjects were defiant to the experimenters instructions. They were recurrently in a frantic and enraged condition. However 26 of the 40 subjects were obedient enough to proceed on to punish the victim till they attain the shock of 450 volts. But they do this against their will. They could be observed to be in consternation once the experiment was brought to a halt.DiscussionThe re sults obtained imply that there are people who, despite receiving orders from authority, would choose to defy and stick to what they believe is morally acceptable. In this case the 14 subjects held this belief and would not inflict pain on another person against his/her will. It was however observed that some people would choose to act against their conscience and submit to authority even if what they are ordered to do is against moral principles.This what the 26 subjects did despite expressing some signs of displeasure in shocking an innocent person, they still go on to obey the commands to the end. This implies that obedience to authority can arrive harmless and non-hostile individuals to turn inhuman.The results seems to be in contrast to those predicted in the questionnaire where only 3 out of 100 respondents said they would proceed to administer electric shock to their victim up to the most maximum and high-risk shock of 450 volts. In this case however, the figure was surpris ingly high 26 out of 40. It had also been pass judgment that a subjected would basically terminate or proceed as dictated by his conscience. However the subjects exhibited strain and emotional strain in their response to the commands. CritiqueThe experiment was well conducted and its objective was attained. The volunteers were got through a New Have (Connecticut) daily newspaper advert and direct mail to some informing them outcome part in the study of reminiscence as well as the learning designate conducted in a laboratory at Yale University. The real purpose of the experiment was hidden from the subjects until the experiment was over they knew that the experiment was a study of memory and learning yet it was about study of obedience to authority.Another thing was that the entire volunteers were to play the role of the teacher while that of the student was played by an experimental confederate. In addition, the generator that the teacher used was just but of 45 volts sample shoc k with the generator not wired to shock the learner. Lastly, the kicking of the wall by the learner, screams and his rejection to proceed and the commands/orders of the experimenter to the teacher were all skillfully fabricated. These indicate the researchers thoroughness in the design of the experiment to answer their specific research question. Most importantly, at the end of the experiment subjects underwent some procedures to assist them go back to normal well being.The researchers did not however deal with every feasible alternative explanation for their results. This might be attributes to the fact that they expected the subjects to show some level of obedience. Also, the subjects might have been expected to act accordingly and participate fully to make the research successfully bearing in mind that the real objective of the experiment was hidden from them.It should be stated here that there are some people who will not, at whatsoever cost, accept to administer any level of e lectric shock to another person. The research was also not well represented in terms of gender or the researchers did not specify the sex of the participants. This raises the question about the criteria that was used in selecting the subjects. But all in all the experiment was quite essential as it the positive and the contradict nature of human beings.Reference Milgram. S. (1969) Study on behavioral obedience, Journal of Abnormal and social psychological science 371-378.http//www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/index.html

Critical Analysis: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay

In this love story written by Zora Neale Hurston, we find out that the main char feater, Janie axiom her life as a great tree filled with many trials and tribulations. Their eyes were watching idol was written from a cleaning ladys point of view to tell the story of a woman desperately searching for true love and fulfilwork forcet. Janie Crawford grew up with her grandm separate who forced her to marry at the season of seventeen to ensure a better life for herself. Logan Killicks was an established potato farmer and he was more(prenominal) than twice Janies age. He used her for slavery except Janie refused to accept this lifestyle.See more how to pen a critical analysis essay step by stepOne day she met a t whole hand well-nigh man name Joe Starks and ran off with him to Florida. There he established and became the mayor of a small town called Eatonville. This relationship was one of possession and power and Janie was denied any interaction with others in the town. Janie was h is trophy wife she was only allowed to work in their store until Joe became sick and died. Janie then met and fell in love with a young man called afternoon tea barroom. He loved her and took her on picnics, hunting, fishing and dancing. Both, Tea stripe and Janie worked together on the muck, on a field picking crops.On a sad trip to the Everglades, a hurricane came and Tea Cake was bitten by a wild dog while essay to save Janie and contracted rabies. In his last few months, Tea Cake began to lose his mind and time-tested to kill Janie so she was forced to take his life. No one could replace Tea Cake, so aft(prenominal) his death Janie returned to Eatonville to work in her store. When she returned, people assumed that Tea Cake had run off with her money, but Janie did not care because finally she had experienced true love. The purpose of this book is to tell the story of a womans search for true love.In her pursuit of love, she experienced relationships based on childbed an d possession, persons who only saw her as a slave and a trophy wife. all(prenominal) Janie ever valued was someone to love and appreciate her as an individual and as an equal. Eventually, this was achieved when she met Tea Cake. The source uses many techniques to fasten and capture her audiences interest on this journey of true love, independence and fulfilment. Throughout the unexampled, the writer uses an ironic tone. After Janies first relationship as a slave she found herself in another controlling relationship with Joe Starks unintentionally. Although Tea Cake allowedJanie her freedom at first once opposition presented itself he took on a possessive and controlling role also, Tea Cake had a brainstorm. before the week was over he had whipped Janie. Not because her behaviour justified his jealousy, but it relieved that awful misgiving inside him. Being qualified to whip her reassured him in possession. It was also ironic that at Joes funeral she was not sad or hopeless as the wife would normally be, but instead she matte strong and free, Before she slept that night she burnt up every one of her head rags and went about the hall next morning with her hair in one thick braid swinging well infra her waist.Hurston also used dialect to make the story and characters more real to the endorser. Words such as wuz, dat, mah, dey and wid showed the culture and spirit of the characters and made the story believable. Once I was comfortable indication the dialect, it was easy relating to the characters as their emotions were evident based on their unique expressions. Hurstons use of figurative voice communication was remarkable where she brilliantly used a metaphor to describe Janies life. Janie saw her life wish well a great tree in leaf with the things suffered. Things enjoyed, things done and undone.Dawn and blame was in the branches. These row describe the ups and downs in Janies life, the things she did and those she wished she could have done. Dawn represents the new things she experienced and the brighter days that she had to look toward and doom were the trials and sad times in life that she faced. This created a summary of everything Janie faced in life for the reader and was effectual in relating to the character and her regainings. Hurston used imagery to characterize and distinguish between men and women in. She compares the dreams of men to ships. She says Ships at a distance have every mans wish on board.For some they incur in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, neer out of sight, never landing until the attestant turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. She then goes on to say Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly. She believes men and women dream differently. Men set their sights on things they will most likely neve r accomplish. If they fail, they pack their bags and forget about it, they dont keep striving to achieve it.Women on the other hand have their sights set on dreams that are realistic and they dont just hold in for their ship to dock, they act and do things accordingly. This idea is represented with all three relationships Janie has in the wise. firstborn she marries Logan, with the hope that her dreams of love and prosperity can be fulfilled. Unfortunately this did not work. Then Janine marries Joe Starks, but feels no real love for him. Then Janne meets Tea Cake. He fulfills her dream of love, and is the only person that makes that dream come true for her. The most prevalent theme presented in the novel is love and fightership.Tea Cake loves Janie and wants her to be happy. Hes the only one who gives Janie the freedom to be who she is, not who someone wanted her to be. All of Janies life she was hidden behind a mask that only was taken off with Tea Cakes love. He drifted into s leep and Janie looked down on him and felt a self-crushing love. So her individual crawled out from its hiding place. After Tea Cakes death, Janie did not feel alone. Tea Cake had given so much love to Janie that would last her whole life. He could never be d.o.a. until she herself had finished feeling and thinking. The kiss of his memory made pictures of love and light against the wall.Tea Cakes death freed Janie for her searching was finally complete. The writer also uses the flashback method, she begins the story with the end of Janies journey, when she is back at home and then tells her friend Phoebe her lifes story leading up to her move home. This was an effective technique because it showed the process and struggle some endure during the pursuit of rejoicing. Overall the writer was effective in achieving her purpose. Hurston gives her readers the tools to understanding Janies motivation with meaningful patterns of metaphors and symbols that deliberately guide readers thr ough Janies experiences.The novel invoked many feelings, such as sympathy and concern for the way she was treated, and sadness and struggle this intelligent splendid woman had to endure. In short, Janie struggles, Janie submits, Janie silences herself, but Janie grows. By the end of the story, I, as a reader, am her best friend Pheoby, sitting on that porch with her and listening her to tale. I understand her insecurities, I feel her pain, and I am able to share in her joy as she was able to experience true happiness and find fulfilment.This novel is so relevant to society because it sends a strong message to women who are still victims of battered relationships, women who feel weak and are struggling to make a failing situation work. This novel serves as empowerment, masking us that we should not be afraid to pursue other relationships if the current one doesnt solve the happiness that is desired. It teaches that life is a journey filled with ups and downs, but it is up to us to determine our happiness as Janie did. Also it cautions us to be careful with whom we choose to love.